ENHANCING SELF-EFFICACY BY ADOPTING DIGITAL TOOLS FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE RESEARCH: A SOCIO-COGNITIVE STUDY
Keywords:
Adoptability, Behaviour , Digital Tools, English Language Research, Self-Efficacy, Social Congnitive Theory, SocietyAbstract
The purpose of the current study was to measure the perceived self-efficacy of university students and teachers towards the usability of digital tools to enhance English language research competency under social cognitive perspectives. The quantitative study has adopted the questionnaire as the research tool, which consists of the five Likert scales. The data was collected through Google documents, and 62 individuals responded to the questionnaire. Using SPSS version 23, data is analyzed to calculate the frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation values. The research found that both students and teachers consider it significant to adopt and practice digital tools in English language research. They have positive intentions that adopting digital tools at the university level in English language research can enhance their personal, social, cognitive, exposure, knowledge, and other fields competency. The study recommends that digital tools be adopted, used, and practiced at the university level to explore subject confidence and subject areas. The study also mentioned the challenges and future gaps of research in the same field to front.
Downloads
References
Abbas, F., & Iqbal, Z. (2018). Language Attitude of the Pakistani Youth towards English, Urdu and Punjabi: A Comparative Study. Pakistan Journal of Distance & Online Learning, IV (I), 199-214.
Abdelusi, B. J. (2023). Cognitive Load Reduction Techniques in User Interface Design for Manufacturing Operators. Retrieved on March 11, 2025, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387501541_Cognitive_Load_Reduction_Techniques_in_User_Interface_Design_for_Manufacturing_Operators/link/6770f18a894c55208531746e/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19.
Adams, N. A., & Holcomb, W. R. (1986).Analysis of the relationship between anxiety about mathematics and performance. Psychological Reports, 59, 943- 948.
Ajax, R., Joseph, O., Own, J. (2025). Enhancing Business Intelligence with Data Visualization Tools. Retrieved on March 11, 2025, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388780215_Enhancing_Business_Intelligence_with_Data_Visualization_Tools/link/67a5d2b8645ef274a473420c/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19.
Al-Fraihat, D., Sharrab, Y., Alzyound, F., & Qahmash, A. (2024). Speech Recognition Utilizing Deep Learning: A Systematic Review of the Latest Developments. Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences. Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, 14 (15), 1-33.
Alsamhori, F. R. A., & Alnaimat, F. (2024). Artificial intelligence in writing and research: ethical implications and best practices. Central Asian Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ethics, 5(4), 259-268.
Altawalbeh, K., & Irwanto, I. (2023). Game-Based Learning: The Impact of Kahoot on a Higher Education Online Classroom. Journal of Educational Technology and Instruction. 2 (1), 30-51.
Al-Rahmi, M. A., Shamsuddin, A., Al-Rahmi, M. W., Atturki, U., Aldraiweesh, A., Almutairy, S. (2022). Integrating the Role of UTAUT and TTF Model to Evaluate Social Media Use for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1-13.
Angaiz, D., Jan, S., & Jabeen, Z. (2021). An Investigation Into Relationship Between Students' Attitude And Anxiety Towards Research And Their Research Self-Efficacy At A Local University In Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Research , 3(4), 491-502.
Anwar, N. M. D., Zahid, M., & Kahn, M. Z. (2023). Exploring Factors Linked to Difficulties with Pakistani English Language Learners' English Essay Writing Skills. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 7(4), 276-295.
Ara, N., Hussain, A. & Choah, R. I. (2024). Undergraduate Students' Attitude Toward Research in Public Sector Colleges of Lahore. Journal of Social Science Development, 3(2), 273-283.
Archibald, M. M., Ambagtsheer, R., Casey, M., Lawless, T. M. (2019). Using Zoom Videoconferencing for Qualitative Data Collection: Perceptions and Experiences of Researchers and Participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 1-18.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W H Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
Bercarcu, V., & Popescu, N. (2024). A Systematic Review of Accessibility Techniques for Online Platforms. Current Trends and Challenges. 14 (22), 1-16.
Binnedyk, S., Patty, J, & Jamil, A. (2024). Self-Efficacy As A Predictor Of Writing Performance: A Correlational Study Of Indonesian Secondary School Students. J-Shelves of Indagiri (JSI), 6(2), 129-148.
Bolin, B. L., Lee, K. H., GlenMaye, L. F., & Yoon, D. P. (2012). Impact of research orientation on attitudes toward research of social work students. Journal of Social Work Education, 48(2), 223- 243.
Çelik, S., & Karaca, B. (2024). Using AI-powered tools in language education: Allow or ban them? In Y. Özkan, H. Tuncer, & E. Bada (Eds.), An approach to digitalization in language teaching from different perspectives: A reflection of empirical work (pp. 3-30). Nova Science Publishers.
Chen, J., Fu, Z., Liu, H., & Wang, J. (2024). Effectiveness of Virtual Reality on Learning Engagement. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 19(1), 1-14.
Chuang, Y., Chiang, H., & Lin, A. (2025). Insights from the Job Demands–Resources Model: AI's dual impact on employees’ work and life well-being. International Journal of Information Management, 83, 1-17.
Demirel, V. M., & Aydin, S. I. (2019). Examining High School Students’ Writing Self-efficacy Perceptions. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 7(4), 106-114.
Firdoos, A., Naz, F. L., & Masood, M. (2023). Measuring Students’ and Teachers’ Attitude towards Researchat University Level. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(4), 12-18.
Fitria, N. T. (2022). Utilizing Text-to-Speech Technology: Natural Reader in Teaching Pronunciation. JETLEE Journal of English Language Teaching Linguistics and Literature, 2(2),70-78.
Goodhue, L. D. (2007). Development and Measurement Validity of a Task‐Technology Fit Instrument for User Evaluations of Information System. Decision Sciences, 29(1), 105 – 138.
Gul, F. D., Yousaf, A. D., & Yaqub, S. (2021). Factors Affecting the Selection of Research Topic in Pakistan: A Case of Private Sector Universities. Pakistan Social Science Review, 5(1), 37-46.
Hasumi, T., & Chiu, S. M. (2023). Technology-enhanced language learning in English language education: Performance analysis, core publications, and emerging trends. Cogent Education, 11 (1), Retrieved on March 11, 2025, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380432860_Technology-enhanced_language_learning_in_English_language_education_Performance_analysis_core_publications_and_emerging_trends/link/663c7d5d3524304153829c03/download.
Huang, F., Wang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2024). Modeling generative AI acceptance, perceived teachers’ enthusiasm, and self-efficacy to English as foreign language learners’ well-being in the digital era. European Journal of Education, 59 (4), 1-14.
Huda Hameed Qureshi, Samreen Riaz Ahmed, Muhammad Akbar Khan. Students’ Perception Towards Topic Selection for Research Studies: A Case Study of Bs English Student in Lahore. Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(1), 543- 560.
Hyland, K. (2023). Discipline, culture and community in writing: getting specific with EAP. Scripta Manent, XVIII (2), 4-15.
Irshad-ul-Haq, M., Fayyaz, Z., Hayat, U. S., Liaqat, A., & Afzal, N. (2020). Attitude of ELTL Graduates towards Research at the Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab. International Journal of Research, 7(10), 51-84.
Jamshed, M., Ahmed, M. M. S> A., Sarfraj, M., & Warda, U. W. (2023). The Impact of ChatGPT on English Language Learners' Writing Skills: An Assessment of AI Feedback on Mobile. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 18(19),18-36.
Khalid, K., Masood, A., Rashid, M. (Co), & Bukhari, S. S. (2024). Perception of Pakistani English Major Students Towards Data Analysis Processing in English Language Research: A Case Study. Pakistan Journal of Law, Analysis and Wisdom, 3(3), 44-53.
Khan, A. (2024). The Attitude of Pakistani Undergraduates towards Speaking English. International Journal of Social Science and Entrepreneurship (IJSSE), 4 (2), 165-179.
Khan, M. I., Bibi, S., & Khan, K. (2023). Influence of research attitude on students'academic achievement: A cross-sectional approach. Sports Sciences and Physical Education Review, 2(1), I-10.
Kiyanciecek, E. & Uzun, L. (2022). Gamification in English Language Classrooms: The Case of Kahoot!. Bilim Eğitim Sanat ve Teknoloji Dergisi (BEST Dergi), 6(1), 1-13.
Kohnke, L. (2024). Exploring EAP Students' Perceptions of GenAI and Traditional Grammar-Checking Tools for Language Learning. Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence 7(3), 1-10.
Lam, C. N. C., & Habil, H. (2021). The Use of Video Annotation in Education: A Review. Asian Journal of University Education, 17 (4), 84-94.
Lawrence, G., Ahmaed, F., Cole, C., & Johnson, P. K. (2020). Not More Technology but More Effective Technology: Examining the State of Technology Integration in EAP Programmes. RELC Journal, 51 (1), Retrieved on March, 11, 2025, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340391965_Not_More_Technology_but_More_Effective_Technology_Examining_the_State_of_Technology_Integration_in_EAP_Programmes.
Limna, P. (2023). The Impact of NVivo in Qualitative Research: Perspectives from Graduate Students. Journal of Applied Learning & Teaching, 6(2), 1-13.
Liu, M., Zhang, L. J., & Zhang, D. (2025). Enhancing student GAI literacy in digital multimodal composing through development and validation of a scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 166, 1-16.
Mazandarani, O. (2024). Self-regulated learning in ESL/EFL contexts: A methodological exploration. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-11.
Moberg, S., Muta, E., Korenaga, K., Kuorelahti, M., & Savolainen, H. (2019). Struggling for inclusive education in Japan and Finland: Teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 35(1), 100-114.
Morgan, et, al. . (1999). Definition, Purposes, and Dimensions of Research. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(2), 217-219.
Nafidi, Y., & Batri, E. B. (2023). Enhancing Online Learning: A Comparative Analysis of Moodle and Google Classroom in Rabat's Faculty of Education Sciences. The International Journal of Technology, Innovation and Education, 1(2), 31-50.
Natividad, M. A. D., Mangulabana, J. M., & Canlas, R. J. D. (2019). Self-Efficacy, Anxiety Level, and Research Attitude of Pre-Service Teachers. International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(1), 1-9.
Negi, A. (2023). Academic Integrity Tool: Using Turnitin to Enhance Creativity & Originality among Students & Researchers. National Seminar on "Academic Integrity & Research Ethics"At: At: DIT University, Dehradun. 1-9.
Noori, A. (2020). An Investigation of Undergraduate English Major Students’ Difficulties in Academic Writing. Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Learning, 5(2), 99-114.
Parthe, R. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Data Visualization Tools: Power BI and Tableau. International Journal Of Scientific Research In Engineering And Management, 07(10), 1-11.
Poock, M.C., & Love, P.G. (2001). Factors influencing the program choice of doctoral students in higher education administration, NASPA Journal, 38(2): 203-223.
Ramil, R., Kusmaryani. W., & Gultom, G. U.,..et al. (2024). Ai-Generated Technologies In Elt: Potentials, Risks, And Ethical Issues. PUBLISHER CV.EUREKA MEDIA AKSARA.
Rosenberg, D. (2005). Towards the digital library: findings of an investigation to establish the current status of university libraries in Africa. International network for the availability of Scientific Publications (INASP), Oxford.
Sanchez, R. D., Langer, M. & Kaur, R. (2019). Gamification in the classroom: Examining the impact of gamified quizzes on student learning. Computer Education, 144, 1-155.
Setiawati, S., Ikhsanudin, I. & Riyanti, D. (2023). Self-Efficacy in English Listening. Journal of English Education Program, 4(1), 27-34.
Shadiev, R., Taoying, L., & Hwang, Y. W. (2019). Review of research on mobile‐assisted language learning in familiar, authentic environments. British Journal of Educational Technology, 51(3), 709-720.
Shahid, C., Muhammed, G. A., Abbasi, I. A., Gurmani, M. T., & Ur Rahman, S. (2022). Attitudes of Undergraduates and Teachers towards Evolving Autonomous Learning L2 in Higher Education. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(11), 527-544.
Smal, O. (2023). Features Of The Electronic Course Based On LMS Moodle For Learning English. Humanities science current issues, 5(60), 140-144.
Sudiana, A. G., & Snatosa, H. M. (2024). The Use of Virtual Reality (VR) on English Student’s Speaking Skills in Educational Context: A Systematic Literature Review. JEdu Journal of English Education, 4(2), 94-103.
Susan, T. F., Shelley, E. T. (2017). Social Cognition: From Brain to Culture. Sage.
Tajik, A. (2025). Exploring the Role of AI-Driven Dynamic Writing Platforms in Improving EFL Learners' Writing Skills and Fostering Their Motivation. Research Square, 1-32.
Thakur, N. (2022). A Large-Scale Dataset of Twitter Chatter about Online Learning during the Current COVID-19 Omicron Wave. Data, 7 (109), 1-16.
Tran, H. T. T. (2024). AI Tools in Teaching and Learning English Academic Writing Skills. Proceedings of the Asia CALL International Conference, 4, 170-187.
Ucar, S., & Zarfsaz, E. (2023). A corpus-based teaching of lexical bundles to enhance writing skills of prospective Turkish EFL teachers. International Journal of Learning and Teaching, 15 (1), 42-54.
Utami, P. F. G. L. N., Santosa, H. M. (2023). Using VoiceThread to develop the speaking skills of EFL learners: A systematic literature review. Jurnal Inovasi dan Teknologi Pembelajaran, 10(1), 83-91.
Virlan, Y. A., & Tomak, B. (2025). AI tools for writing: a Q-method study with Turkish instructors of English. Education and Infrmation Technologies, Springer, Retrieved on March 11, Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10639-025-13455-2#citeas.
Winis, N., Alhondairy, H. Y., & Mare, A. (2024). Using Google Docs to Enhance Collaborative Writing and Peer Feedback Practice of Libyan EFL Learners. International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, 9(4), 9-16.
Wu, J., Ghayas, S., Aziz, A., Adil, A., & Niazi, S. (2024). Relationship between teachers’ professional identity and career satisfaction among college teachers: Role of career calling. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-8.
Wu, L., Huang, Y., & Duan, J. (2024). Trends and hotspots in NSFC funded research: A bibliometric analysis based on Vosviewer and Citespace. Conference: EITCE 2023: 2023 7th International Conference on Electronic Information Technology and Computer Engineering. Retried on March 11, 2025, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379923500_Trends_and_hotspots_in_NSFC_funded_research_A_bibliometric_analysis_based_on_Vosviewer_and_Citespace.
Zan, R., & Di Martino, P. (2007). Attitude towards mathematics: Overcoming the positive/negative dichotomy. The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast Monograph, 3, 157–168.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Rashid, Ishrat Fatima, Jawaria Sajid (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
