GLOBAL GOVERNANCE OF AI: AN EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND THE PATH AHEAD FOR EFFECTIVE REGULATION

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming global political, economic, and security frameworks, prompting critical inquiries regarding the sufficiency of current international governance systems. As AI technologies cross national boundaries via transnational data flows, defence uses, financial markets and public governance, regulatory methods focused solely on states have shown to be inadequate in managing their worldwide risks. This research assesses the efficacy of existing institutional frameworks for the global governance of AI, placing particular focus on the roles played by the OECD, UNESCO and the United Nations, as well as emerging regional and national regulatory approaches like the European Union’s AI Act, the market-driven strategy of the United States and China’s government-centred regulatory system. Using a qualitative research design based on systematic analysis of documents and policies, this paper investigates institutional preparedness, alignment of norms, and enforcement limitations in global AI governance spanning the years 2019 to 2024. The findings indicate considerable regulatory fragmentation, inconsistent application of ethical principles, and marked disparities in governance capabilities between developed and developing nations, resulting in a largely soft law regulatory landscape with limited enforceability.

 The study posits that effective global governance of AI necessitates improved institutional collaboration, regulatory compatibility, and inclusive participation from multiple stakeholders. It suggests strategic approaches to create a coherent and rights oriented global governance framework that harmonizes innovation with accountability, protects human rights, and encourages equitable involvement in the international regulation of artificial intelligence.