THE DYNAMICS OF ENGLISH IN PAKISTAN: AN APPLICATION OF EXTRA- AND INTRA-TERRITORIAL FORCES MODEL
Keywords:
EIF Model, Multilingual, Nativization, Postcolonial Setting, Role Of English in PakistanAbstract
This study examines the emergence and function of English in Pakistan from the perspective of the Extra- and Intra-Territorial Forces (EIF) Model (2020) developed by Buschfeld and Kautzsch. The research considers how English has been transformed within Pakistan’s complex multilingual, postcolonial setting. It explores how extra-territorial forces have sustained English’s role as a global language, while intra-territorial forces have localized its usage in Pakistan’s sociolinguistic landscape through a critical analysis of existing literature, comparative studies from similar contexts, and empirical findings from a forthcoming questionnaire. The results show the persistence of exonormative norms in elite and institutional contexts, and the nativization of English through localized vocabulary and code-switching practices. The analysis is complemented by an exploration of the socio-economic divisions (urban-rural divide) in English access and how this relates to education and professional mobility. English’s trajectory in Pakistan is explained by EIF model but the study also uncovers its limitations in the representation of multilingual complexities and socio-economic inequalities. The suggestions are to make adjustments to EIF model to encompass the present day, in which digital globalization have an impact, and to establish policies that promote inclusive language that will keep worldwide importance of English along with regional linguistic diversity.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Nimra Noor, Dr. Maimoona Abdulaziz, Huda Noor (Author)
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